Occupant behaviour, cognition, and Human-Machine Interaction in Level 3 Autonomous Vehicle driving simulator

@inproceedings{Olayan2026,
title = {Occupant behaviour, cognition, and Human-Machine Interaction in Level 3 Autonomous Vehicle  driving simulator},
author = {Ali Olayan and Jean-Rémy Chardonnet and Baptiste Sandoz},
editor = {Andras Kemeny and Jean-Rémy Chardonnet and Florent Colombet and Stéphane Espié},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.82157/dsa/2026/2},
isbn = {978-2-9573777-9-4},
year  = {2026},
date = {2026-09-16},
urldate = {2026-09-16},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the Driving Simulation Conference 2026 Europe XR},
volume = {11},
pages = {19- 28},
address = {Antibes, France},
organization = {Driving Simulation Association},
abstract = {This study investigates occupant kinematics, physiological, cognitive, and behavioral responses during braking events in a Level 3 autonomous vehicle (AV) driving simulator. The main objective is to determine how auditory alerts, braking intensity, and occupant activities affect head acceleration, head pitch rotation, and the presence of sternocleidomastoid (SCM) muscle activation. Twelve participants experienced simulated AV rides involving normal and strong braking, with and without auditory alerts. Kinematics and physiological data were collected using inertial measurement units (IMUs) and electromyography (EMG). Results showed a significant interaction between auditory alerts and braking intensity on head acceleration. Strong braking events preceded by auditory alerts produced higher head accelerations than equivalent events without alerts.Conversely, normal braking events with alerts showed reduced head accelerations. Occupants who redirected attention from devices to the road during braking exhibited the highest head accelerations when no alert was provided, suggesting reduced preparedness under these conditions. Head pitch rotation did not differ significantly across conditions, although trends suggested greater rotation when attention shifted from devices to the road. SCM muscle activation varied across individuals and was significantly affected by auditory alerts. Some participants showed double activations, consistent with anticipatory bracing or startle responses, however high EMG noise limited detailed interpretation. Overall, auditory alerts appear to influence occupant preparedness, kinematics, and physiological responses during emergency braking, supporting the need for adaptive AV safety systems.},
keywords = {},
}

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TY  - CONF
TI  - Occupant behaviour, cognition, and Human-Machine Interaction in Level 3 Autonomous Vehicle  driving simulator
AU  - Olayan, Ali
AU  - Chardonnet, Jean-Rémy
AU  - Sandoz, Baptiste
C1  - Antibes, France
C3  - Proceedings of the Driving Simulation Conference 2026 Europe XR
DA  - 2026/09/16
PY  - 2026
SP  - 19
EP  -  28
LA  - en-US
PB  - Driving Simulation Association
SN  - 978-2-9573777-9-4
L2  - https://proceedings.driving-simulation.org/proceeding/dsc-2026/occupant-behaviour-cognition-and-human-machine-interaction-in-level-3-autonomous-vehicle-driving-simulator
ER  - 

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